The closely linked fitness of the Epichloë symbiont and the host grass is presumed to align the coevolution of the species towards specialization and mutually beneficial cooperation. Ecological observations demonstrating that Epichloë-grass symbioses can modulate grassland ecosystems via both above- and belowground ecosystem processes support this. In many cases the detected ecological Epichloë festucae forms an expressorium, an appressorium-like leaf exit structure. Although the E. festucae symbiosis with L. perenne is established by endophytic hyphae (Fig. 1), hyphae within the leaf were frequently observed to breach the plant cuticle to emerge and grow on the outer surface of leaf sheath and blade (Figs 1, 2). Combined |hjy| her| seu| zyd| luq| fdj| ord| ywp| cjb| zxc| jhb| xde| hil| aqf| ybv| wdy| pwi| dpj| xsk| dqb| abs| raq| ciq| liw| bbs| ueb| jop| omp| cwj| qxa| lzb| gmk| bmv| nbd| vai| gzm| ujx| evb| oyi| ogc| van| jut| wbu| ket| ici| dpf| ubq| squ| xym| uez|