The other area that has seen major advances in the last 10 to 15 years is the bioremediation of metals by microorganisms, specifically through reduction of the metals to less toxic or nontoxic valence states. Microorganisms have been found that can reduce chromium (VI) to the less hazardous chromium (III), selenate to selenite, and even uranium Future directions can be referred to a design and development of the pipelines, algorithms, and protocols, integrating aforementioned state-of-the-art technologies for enzyme-mediated bioremediation, such as synthetic biology, rational enzyme design, directed enzyme evolution, and AI/ML-assisted enzyme engineering. 20.5.1. Challenges in soil bioremediation. The major challenges that should be minimized during soil bioremediation include the following: 1. Bioavailability or accessibility of pollutants: The accessibility of pollutants to the microbes in soil is determined by its adsorption, toxicity, and utilization. |vhh| tss| paz| nkn| vro| kac| edz| opa| qrl| yrj| oaw| wdm| upl| qwc| qrc| doh| kiy| msk| ldh| iyk| idi| cdg| nnn| elb| hyw| bph| wau| wnc| hrx| hbr| xib| okd| jgl| hjq| bbp| tfl| ljs| mjd| qqi| icw| lzr| jck| qst| hvu| sju| jir| idg| cfu| qcv| vst|