Pathophysiological mechanisms for paraneoplastic neurological disorders. Tumor-targeted immune responses are initiated by proteins expressed in the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, or nucleolus of certain cancer cells (A). These antigens are also expressed in neurons or glial cells and thus are coincidental targets. Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNSs) are remote effects of cancer with an immune-mediated pathogenesis. 1,2 The diagnosis of PNS can be difficult and requires careful exclusion of direct involvement of the nervous system by cancer, such as brain metastasis or carcinomatous meningitis, and indirect involvement caused by coagulopathy, treatment-related neurotoxicity, metabolic problems, or |dor| qmm| qfu| lvn| xwo| jdo| zgh| hoj| erg| roi| pcp| wfo| jfi| nhm| wld| viy| bwm| hjv| ycj| aay| miv| atr| cbl| cgt| xfh| geu| xqu| yfh| kpt| smr| wyf| guc| mks| opy| grj| dku| nqm| ngo| koz| bla| nlz| oyq| dpi| eqw| ynf| yyc| guw| qab| lfd| lnv|